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"  " 0-rNyIhKKHf1 L     < (-6ZR:D:Q" = !*34 " + 7C      Y   4 0 0 k-#i e       /// /< x&  %   4.0Md2< B ?QSIORTYZ[\]_`abcdefghijklmnopqr2$"vhݴpE2${jDG.CE$b$p`:X_9F{{LJR$袤(`LfaO OR$'=mW~. ]R$^" OR|@mR$iXe轝sXJv({R$[mbhwR$'fB4}2!J!R$/sG-QU?JR$R$)>}[~(fKhR$nq6G$~ߪ+,R$ʢZ;f,V/ YC X0e0e    A A1 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E|| "0e@     @ABC DEEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abN E5%  N E5%  N F   5%    !"?N@ABC DEFFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `ab 3fff3ff3@38 g4KdKdA 0rppp@  xSʚ;6ʚ;<4!d!d8108<4dddd8108<4BdBd8108$___PPT10Dtal|0E8 ll0DArial|0E8 ll0 pp(Sz___PPT9\/ 0@S(?= &p&O =+SCarbon Footprinting: Methodological Approaches, Challenges & Opportunities Simon Aumnier Environmental Resources Management 4 October 2007f(5df(d ff6ff@   @  3  4Outline   What does a carbon footprint measure and report? How do we go about footprinting? Sources of uncertainty Data and assumptions What resolution is fit for purpose? Beyond carbon?(2&E   a '!Everything Has A Carbon Footprint " f Person Product New product formulation Service Business or organisation Project Choices/alternatives (2ff g 5%What Does A Carbon Footprint Measure? & The WBCSD / WRI GHG Accounting Protocol: a  basket of greenhouse gases both direct and indirect scopes for reporting*)PMP)M v k  Direct Emissions    Where regulation affects the business Under a business direct control Most obvious link to costs associated with energy consumption Data generally available electricity consumption fuel consumption refrigerant use A small part of the overall product footprintN29.9.   Indirect Footprinting&     .Business interacts with environment across the supply chain, not just its direct activities Indirect footprinting calculates all of the GHG emissions associated with a product, process or service activity, including: raw materials extraction; processing; manufacturing; retail; use; and disposal At each stage, natural resources are consumed and GHGs are released into the atmosphere = a  carbon footprint ROo\~OX@e     9 Calculating a Carbon Footprint   0What Methods Already Exist?  "The WBCSD/WRI Protocol Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO 14040 and 14044  full LCA is peer reviewed  streamlined or simplified LCA Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) Input/Output Analysis The Carbon Trust method The emerging BSI PAS 2050 Web-based footprinting tools<3ZPZZ3P@  T    $"Carbon Footprint of a Food Product # <Total footprint = 7.3 kg CO2 equivalents per 500g of product&=H! = %Carbon Footprint of a Textile Product &    Footprinting Challenges     Access to specific data  particularly with complex supply chains and manufacturing facilities Which generic data sets (electricity etc.)? Temporal boundaries do we footprint for 2006/07, or 2007/08& and revise how often? No two products actually have the same footprint Equivalence  where  like products differ Interpretation, reporting and communicationP2?? g -Further Sources of Uncertainty  Complexity in raw materials sourcing Seasonality Variation in the performance of equipment from line to line, site to site, country to country& Soil carbon sink issues Direct emissions from livestock Consumer and post-consumer behaviours (cooking, waste disposal etc.)6[5}[5}  .Data and Assumptions  Old data Data in Input/Output models - the basis of some carbon footprints - is already 12 years out of date  Allocation how can emissions from a source shared by 2 or more products be fairly distributed? Data collection is time-consuming (and expensive) The greater the resolution required, the more onerous the exercise, and the more frequently it must be repeated` d T d T p /#What Resolution is Fit for Purpose? $ Trying to inform? the footprint directs supply chain improvement Seeking to communicate with consumers? the challenge is in labelling as much as footprinting Attempting to discriminate between products? can we deal with the sources of error? can we manage  equivalence ? Looking to compete between brands? can the numbers stand up to challenge?/'6-D#'/'6-D#  '&    3What Do We Find?  Food miles are misleading transport is often insignificant air transport isn t always bad Non CO2 emissions are important in food and drink products N2O and CH4 from soils and animals these are highly uncertain Streamlined approaches sufficient to identify hotspots and inform improvement Peer review allows flexibility (prescription doesn t)Z@Z;Z>ZZ@H4HH"  W ) Beyond Carbon  @Climate change is the most significant environmental threat that we must deal with But: resource depletion toxicological effects (human and ecosystem) water pollution (nutrification) social and landuse impacts& There will be a trade-off, and society will continue to emit greenhouse gases6X{NX{N@      X 1Opportunities and Conclusions  Consumer, City and retailer demand emerging First mover advantage  a value for carbon Cost reduction through energy, material and logistic efficiencies across the supply chain Climate stability Footprinting is achievable, deliverable and valuable & but it s subject to many sources of error Labelling is either: broadly indicative, expensive or inaccurate^+,5+,&    /     P  0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3` ff33` }&E!u>?" dd@ ? 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  $, 4 ERM standard templatesOn-screen ShowERM- Times New RomanArial굴림 Book Antiqua ERMDark06Carbon Footprinting: Methodological Approaches, Challenges & Opportunities Simon Aumônier Environmental Resources Management 4 October 2007Outline"Everything Has A Carbon Footprint&What Does A Carbon Footprint Measure?Slide 5Direct EmissionsIndirect FootprintingCalculating a Carbon FootprintWhat Methods Already Exist?#Carbon Footprint of a Food Product&Carbon Footprint of a Textile ProductFootprinting ChallengesFurther Sources of UncertaintyData and Assumptions$What Resolution is Fit for Purpose?What Do We Find?Beyond CarbonOpportunities and Conclusions  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles8 8@ 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6 Jeffrey HymanJeffrey Hyman  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxz{|}~Root EntrydO)Pictures1Current UserSummaryInformation(M8VPowerPoint Document(gDocumentSummaryInformation8y