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A A 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E 3f!f3@Qpg4KdKdDF 0ppp@ g4ddddG 0ppg  <4!d!d8c20l<4!d!d8c20lV ʚ;Sk8ʚ;<4dddd8108~0___PPT10 pp>___PPT9 / 0z? %O =cDEFRA Environmental Impacts of Food Production and Consumption a.k.a  Shopping Trolley reportaa$Barry Evans Daventry May 2007$P ' My role today  in the context of  The shopping Trolley report local sourcing and carbon footprint does the report challenge pre-conceptions about local sourcing food miles social and economic impacts  sound bites &A& Shopping Trolley report Project Director  Prof Ken Green - Manchester Bus School Project Manager  Chris Foster - Manchester Bus School Research Team - MBS - Mercedes Bleda, Paul Dewick, Jo Mylan & Sally Randles - Cardiff - Andrew Flynn & Barry Evans Project timeline - commenced November 2005 - report April 2006 (peer review / clarification etc) - publication on DEFRA website December 2006 link - via DEFRA http://www2.defra.gov.uk/research/project_data/More.asp?I=EV02007&M=KWS&V=ev02007&SCOPE=0 via FCRN http://www.fcrn.org.uk/otherresearch/lifecycle.htm R$Y& & 2 & 3f",Y2 T0 T0K 5  2    .  /  -  (  ,  )  1  7  3  6  +  4   9  :  ;   8  0  / !"$%&'()*+,-./ 0 1 234P 0` ̙33` 3` 3333f` 999MMM` f` f3` 3>?" dd@(?FKd@   d uA@  d`"  n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> &(    ZYgֳgֳ ?  T Click to edit Master title style! !:  T\gֳgֳ ?  RClick to edit Master text styles Second Level Third Level Fourth Level Fifth Level!     S\  C &Aengcol"/J  Npa?#" `  fFDIN  Sourcing Locally & Selling Nationally (5/07)4 4 3 `  Hd޽h @? ?  forumast 0 P(    Td#KK ?q   x* nnLL  Tp'KK ? .  z* nnLL2  ZL2KK ? .   Page *   nnLLp  01 ?T  H  0\j? ? a(80___PPT10.C & (     TxχKK ? -0  ~* KnnLL  ZKK ?zq   |* KnnLL"  ZD#KK ?z -  * KnnLL   N#\n/\n/?   Page *(2K&&KKppH  0\j? ? a(80___PPT10.%Cv0 0 !(   x   c $9`   x   c $ߐp       Tgֳgֳ ?0{i L&0FKP    Tgֳgֳ ? p evansb13@cardiff.ac.uk *8FKPT0H   0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' #= @B + 0 @-(  ~  s *hD     THBgֳgֳ ?0{i L&0FKP   Tagֳgֳ ?IV about me Senior Research Associate Lean Enterprise Research Centre, Cardiff Business School formerly Lean Process Manager Tesco - Supply Chain Development Z PP:PP"PH  0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' #= @B +0 P (       <|s"`     Tygֳgֳ ?0{i L&0FKP H   0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' #= @B +2.0 220A[1(    Tȅ? W    . p  Z #"J>p00  . N4S?` p  T100% @` - NP?0 `p  S648 @` , N? 0 p  VTOTALS @` + NЬ?`   Z  @` * N$?0 `  Z  @` ) N? 0  X  @` ( NЁ?`   R1% @` ' Nlف?0 `  Q6 @` & N? 0  pCommunications0& @` % N?`$   R3% @` $ N?0 $ `  R18 @` # N+.?$ 0  `Other government& @` " N;.?`Q$  R4% @` ! N`D.?0 Q`$  R29 @`   N,N.?Q0 $  Y Education  & @`  NV.?`~Q R6% @`  N_.?0 ~`Q R40 @`  Nh.?~0 Q XAviation  & @`  Nq.?`~ R7% @`  N{.?0 `~ R48 @`  N.?0 ~ Y Commuting  & @`  N$.?` R9% @`  N0.?0 ` R59 @`  N\&.?0  eClothing and Footwear& @`  NԞ.?` S12% @`  N.?0 ` R80 @`  N .?0  bHygiene and health& @`  Nh?`2 S13% @`  N B o ?p lB ? < 1 ?0 0 p lB @ < 1 ?``p rB A B o ?p  [ T'q? [ Source  The carbon emissions generated in all that we consume Carbon Trust report CTC 603 (2006)b b H  0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' #= @B ++0 (Ll^(  l l Tā? W     l H,?"`Df  EIPRO Project findings Modelling results with  CEDA EU 25 Products & Environment modelY YX x    Ll #"*@  @   El N'.?   S17% @` Cl N.?`   S45% @` Al N`K?0 `  S20% @` ?l Nq?  0  Z FOOD TOTAL   @` l Noq?B   R2% @` l Nxq?` B   R2% @` l N`q?0 B `  R2% @` l Nhq? B 0  s%Fruit & Vegetables (including frozen)&& @` l Nܓq? B  R1% @` l NXq?` B  R9% @` l Nq?0 ` B  R1% @` l Nq?  0 B  u'Cereal, Bread, Flour & related products(( @` l NXq?  R4% @` l N8q?`   S10% @` l N@q?0 `  R5% @` l NPq? 0  Z Milk & Dairy   @`  l NpgT?H S10% @`  l NoT?` H S24% @`  l NxT?0 H`  S12% @`  l N0jT? H0  n Meat, Poultry & related products!! @` l N6pL(  L L THT? W     L HLT?"`wD -KProject Aims, Objectives & Method OBJECTIVES determine evidence available on environmental impacts that occur in the life cycle of a product including consideration of fresh & processed food organic & conventionally grown produce local & globally-sourced comparing different sources of nutrition determine possibility to identify whether certain patterns of production, sourcing and distribution have greater / lesser impact on environment environmental impact of existing trends in supply & consumption and whether this will change with lifestyle changes currently occurring . |     .|  K H L 0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' T= @B +(0 T(  T T TT? W     T HT?"`wD QKProject Aims, Objectives & Method OBJECTIVES determine evidence available on environmental impacts that occur in the life cycle of a product including consideration of fresh & processed food organic & conventionally grown produce local & globally-sourced comparing different sources of nutrition determine possibility to identify whether certain patterns of production, sourcing and distribution have greater / lesser impact on environment environmental impact of existing trends in supply & consumption and whether this will change with lifestyle changes currently occurring . |     # |  K ! T HTGZHR?ws  QInsufficient literature to do more than make suggestions on issues in objective 3 R RQ H T 0޽h ?T ___PPT10e.+D=' T= @B +&0 D?(  D D T&T? W    $ D HX,T?"``D 0 .Project Aims, Objectives & Method METHOD Develop sample of REPRESENTATIVE food products reflecting sold via major supermarkets (top 150 lines) Grocer 33 Food and Expenditure Survey / National Statistics  Household food and drink purchases =  The Shopping Trolley Review of evidence available  focused on environmental LCAs which study environmental impacts arising from Production Use Disposal of products (LCA - Life Cycle Assessment - defined in ISO14040) Additionally results from EIPRO PPC permit applications8+ ;   o    5    +;o   5 ; H D 0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' T= @B +!0 3(    T8/? W      ND4?* fRoute to Market     038c@ Primary Distribution4 G    6bT8c pGrow4 G    6T8cp pPick4 G     6(dT8c`  pWash4 G     6lO8cP  pPack4 G     0X.O8c0o  |Home consumption4 G     6O8c@  w Retailer DC4   G      6nO8c<{  Secondary Distribution4 G    6bO8c8 w  }Replenish shelves4 G    6YO8c4s  tPurchase4  G  p  H_ж_ж H p  H_ж_жX p  H_ж_жhp  H_ж_ж8p  H_ж_ж 4 p  H_ж_ж 0 p  H_ж_ж  , p  H_ж_ж {( |B @ T_ж_жGIV8   6DJ8c` 0Simple, low-process food product eg new potato 41 0G 0 H  0޽h ?            ___PPT10e.+D=' T= @B +R%0 me<(  < < TJ? W     < 68F8cP Pack / Can / Bottle4 G   < 6.8c pGrow4 G   < 648c pPick4 G   < 6828cp  zFood Processor4 G   < 6tP8c`  zCook / Process4 G    < 6dp8c   tPurchase4  G    < 6@t8cl`  Primary Distribution4 G    < 6 8ch `  w Retailer DC4   G     < 698cd `  Secondary Distribution4 G    < 68c``  }Replenish shelves4 G  p < H_ж_ж X p < H_ж_жhp < H_ж_жxp < H_ж_жHp < H_ж_жp`pp < H_ж_жp \ pp < H_ж_жpXp|B <@ T_ж_жGIWUo ~ 5$ N_ж_жnoo~ 6$ N_ж_ж|XX ;$ ND?P`P fRoute to Market   H $ 0޽h ?$$$ $$$ $ $$ $ $$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $ $$!$ $)$"$ #$$$%$ &$'$($ $$*$$$+$$$,$$$.$$-$/$'$-$0$ $$1$)$ $2$$ $3$$)$4$$ $5$-$$6$ ___PPT10e.+D=' T= @B +O*0 NNd}dsN(  d d T`? W     d H?"`0t E The Trolley  L  Z }d #"ZNP  Ld N?  Z Y 35 Products   @` Kd N(5.? Z T100% @` Jd N.?pZ S150 @` Id N.?pZ UTOTAL @` Hd N4.?   X  @` Gd N.?  R1% @` Fd N.?p Q1 @` Ed N.?p TSNACKS @` Dd N.?   Y Pasta, Rice   @` Cd N`.?  R1% @` Bd N.?p Q2 @` Ad Nh.?p UCEREALS @` @d N8? ^  X Beer, Wine   @` ?d N?^  Q- @` >d N?p^  Q- @` =d N?^ p `DRINKS - Alcoholic @`  NԚC? b S10% @` ? NܣC?pb R15 @` @ NC?pb X VEGETABLES   @` A NC?   TApples @` B NC?  S16% @` C NC?p R24 @` D NC?p SFRUIT @`  E N0C? %  7Beef, Lamb, Pork, Chicken-(convent, free range, frozen)88 @` F NC?%  S24% @` G NC?p% R35 @` H NHC?%p RMEAT @` I NDE?  % cProducts we studied @` J N\ E? % [ Top 150 - %   @` K NDE?p% t$Top 150  No. SKUs @` L NE?p% XCATEGORY   @`rB M B o ? lB N < 1 ?% %lB O < 1 ? lB P < 1 ? lB Q < 1 ?b blB R < 1 ?! !lB S < 1 ? lB T < 1 ? lB U < 1 ?^ ^lB V < 1 ?  lB W < 1 ?b b lB X < 1 ?! ! lB Y < 1 ?  lB Z < 1 ?  lB [ < 1 ?^ ^ lB \ < 1 ? lB ] < 1 ? lB ^ < 1 ? rB _ B o ?Z ZrB ` B o ?ZlB a < 1 ?ppZlB b < 1 ?ZlB c < 1 ?  ZrB d B o ?  Z e T&EPFGKHN?  Rb Not all of the data is from UK Much data is from Sweden & Denmark Data also from Spain & USA Recent DEFRA project (research project ISO 205) - published near the end of our work + is included (link  www.silsoe.cranfield.ac.uk & www.defra.gov.uk ) Very little on complex highly-processed food t1  2T0T0H  0޽h ?e ___PPT10e.+D=' T= @B +3,0 NF "t(  t t TFE? W     t ZKE ?"`"q' a PACKAGING       t TLI7 ?"`"C  qPROCESSING & DISTRIBUTION     t T]7 3f?"`j&  a TRANSPORT       t ThE 3f?"`D 9 c CONSUMPTION       t T SE ?"`Iq? a AGRICULTURE       t <`WE?"`TW b Fertiliser        t < [E?"`T b Pesticides        t <x_E?"`"T fInfrastructure      t <cE?"`T oProduction of Packaging      t <LhE?"` sv hWaste Management     t < a  d Distribution       t <(xE?"` S  y!Home Transport, Storage & Cooking " " !  t <p|E?"`/g lVegetable Production    | t TxE?Y y Modular Approach to Life Cycle Analysis (Source  Jungbluth, Tietje & Sholz 2000)R R Q pB t H DjJ?Z  /pB t H DjJ?JJ pB t H DjJ?ZZ pB t H DjJ?d pB t H DjJ?V && pB t H DjJ? pB t H DjJ?pB t H DjJ?/pB t H DjJ?=Z/pB t H DjJ?{/pB t H DV?2pB  t H DV? B !t@ Z DV?   "t TE ?"`w ` VEGETABLES     H t 0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' T= @B +a/0 |t%) (    T@E? W      Z$E ?"q' a PACKAGING        TE ?"`"C  qPROCESSING & DISTRIBUTION      TܜE 3f?"`j&  a TRANSPORT        T E 3f?"`D 9 c CONSUMPTION        TE ?"`Iq? a AGRICULTURE        <pE?"`TW b Fertiliser         <HE?"`T b Pesticides         <@E?"`"T fInfrastructure       <8E?"` pProduction of Packaging       <E?"` sv hWaste Management      <E?"`- e Food Industry       <E?"` > a  d Distribution        <E?"` S  y!Home Transport, Storage & Cooking " " !   < E?"`/g gSlaughter House    |  T\E?Y y Modular Approach to Life Cycle Analysis (Source  Jungbluth, Tietje & Sholz 2000)R R Q pB  H DjJ? /pB  H DjJ?JJ pB  H DjJ?ZZ pB  H DjJ?d pB  H DjJ?V && pB  H DjJ? pB  H DjJ?pB  H DjJ? pB  H DjJ? =pB  H DjJ?M {pB  H DV?2pB  H DV? B  @ Z DV?   " <E?"`  iAnimal Production     # <E?"`  gFeed Production     $ <PE?"` W iFodder Production    pB & H DjJ?j pB ' H DjJ?Z pB ( H DjJ?, { ) TpE ?"`w \MEAT    H  0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' T= @B +$0  %@4(  4 4 T4E? W     4 TE?lL `     ~ )  >4 #"6* <DSf   4 NL?# )  kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene equiv.  @` 4 NL? # )  Terrestrial Ecotoxicity  @`  4 NL?#   kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene equiv.  @` 4 N$L? #  !Aquatic Ecotoxicity (fresh water)""!  @`  4 N'L?#   kg 1,4-dichlorobenzene equiv.  @` 4 N,8L?#  xHuman Toxicity  @` 4 NAL?#  zkg CFC-11 equiv.  @` 4 NKL?#  }Ozone Depletion ODP  @`> 4 N FL?#  kg C2H4 equiv.\  @`  4 N\OL?#  !Photochemical Ozone Creation POCP""!  @`A  4 N0mL?# ~ kg PO43- equiv.^  @`  4 NwL?~#  xEutrophication  @`  4 NdL?# b~  kg SO2 equiv.<   @`c  4 N,zL?b# ~F>6___PPT9  Acidification4 " d    @` 4 NLL?# Eb  kg CO2 equiv.<   @` 4 N`L?E# b |Global Warming GWP  @` 4 NdL?# E oUnits  @` 4 NtL?# E ~Environmental Themes  @`rB 4 B o ?lB 4 < 1 ?EElB 4 < 1 ?bblB 4 < 1 ?~~lB 4 < 1 ?lB 4 < 1 ?lB 4 < 1 ?lB 4 < 1 ?  lB 4 < 1 ?  rB  4 B o ?) ) rB !4 B o ?) lB "4 < 1 ?# # ) rB #4 B o ?)  ?4 T0L?D  lLCA normalisation data   @4 TTL?  VNB  no generic unit for Resource Depletion, ,H 4 0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' T= @B + -0   |C (  | | TL? W    ( | HL?"`0D Our Findings and Conclusions FINDINGS data on environmental impacts of supply and consumption are patchy few data of UK  origin focusing on the specifics of UK production / import, processing, distribution and final consumption of the range in the  trolley We didn t find a single publicly-reported LCA covering entire life-cycle for a food product as a UK consumer would buy it We can draw on the numerous European  especially Scandinavian  studies BUT with caution - eg big differences in environmental impacts of power generation in say Sweden and UK considerable inconsistencies - most studies are  farm end rather than  farm to fork Consistency of impacts covered Almost all cover CO2, most cover non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions Many studies cover eutrophication effects Impacts on water resources seldom included Units used are not always comparable'    'N H | 0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' L= @B +20 9(    T (    T ,Q? W      H1Q?"`0D 5Our Findings and Conclusions CONCLUSIONS Significance of Transport impacts of car-based shopping greater than those of transport within distribution system none of the top 150 products were air-freighted vegetables Significance of Packaging impacts high for some foods eg bottled drinks but clouded by relative shelf life and hence waste degree of re-cycling Other Meat & Dairy products have high GWP - most at livestock rearing stage:*     @ ;   G *    @;G  ) H  0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' Q= @B +10 A(    TdPQ? W    &  HTQ?"``D Our Findings and Conclusions WEAKNESSES OF EXISTING FOOD LCA STUDIES LCA do not normally assess some well-recognised impacts of primary food production Biodiversity Effects of different agriculture practice on the landscape Water use (particularly local impact) is simplistic if covered at all FURTHER WORK NEEDED Many gaps need filling LCAs of finished food products Comparative studies of impacts in different countries Impacts from Foodservice sector Consumer behaviour  wastage etc Impacts of different food logistics systems Impacts of future trends analysis     (T8+.   H  0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' Q= @B +)0 \p(  \8 \ HnQ?"`D My personal views  NOT from the  Shopping Trolley work BALANCED SCORECARD eg might include SOCIAL Fair Trade Aviation & economic needs of relatively poor communities ECONOMIC as for Social ENVIRONMENTAL Complex issue - how to get to  root cause information ETHICAL Animal Welfare  voice of the unborn child f F    8  - fF 8   -A H \ 0޽h ? ___PPT10e.+D=' Q= @B +$0 @t(  X  C T     3 r$Ekk 1?    " H  0\j ? a(00 (  d  c $T     3 rTqkk 1?    " H  0\j ? a(0&0 (  d  c $T     3 rkk 1?    " H  0\j ? a(0'0 (  d  c $T   D  3 rpkk 1?   D " H  0\j ? a(0(0  (   d   c $T      3 r kk 1?    " H   0\j ? a(0)0 0((  (d ( c $T    ( 3 rkk 1?    " H ( 0\j ? a(0+0 @8(  8d 8 c $T    8 3 r|Lkk 1?    " H 8 0\j ? a(0,0  @(  @d @ c $T    @ 3 rkk 1?    " H @ 0\j ? a(-0 JBpH(  Hd H c $T   6 H 3 rLOkk 1?    | EIPRO Environmental Impact of Products  analysis of life cycle environmental impacts related to the total final consumption of the EU25. Tukker et al, IPTS/ESTO April 2005 PPC - UK food processors - Pollution Prevention & Control permit applications from larger food processors in Yorkshire and NE Project scope didn t include Ecological footprinting research Financial evaluation of environmental externalities such as Externe  study of energy systems Pretty et al  Farm costs & food miles Food Policy 30 (2005)@K]_K]_  H H 0\j ? a(0.0 P(  Pd P c $T    P 3 rTkk 1?    " H P 0\j ? a(0/0 X(  Xd X c $T    X 3 r"Tkk 1?    " H X 0\j ? a(000 ``(  `d ` c $T    ` 3 r$Qkk 1?    " H ` 0\j ? a(010 Ph(  hd h c $T    h 3 rKkk 1?    " H h 0\j ? a(020 p(  pd p c $T    p 3 rqkk 1?    " H p 0\j ? a(030 x(  xd x c $T    x 3 rTEkk 1?    " H x 0\j ? a(40 D<`(  d  c $T   L0  3 rLkk 1?   L vNFood production and processing accounts for the majority of water use globally O H  0\j ? a(050 p(  d  c $T     3 rtځkk 1?    " H  0\j ? a(060 (  d  c $T     3 rHEkk 1?    " H  0\j ? a(070 (  d c $T     3 rDBEkk 1?    " H  0\j ? a(080 (  d c $T     3 r|jQkk 1?    " H  0\j ? a(90 D<(  d c $T   Q0  3 rQkk 1?   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